A Visit to the Seabeach on Puri Free Essays

Free Sample The Goddess Within for by Gloria Star subrata Dutta November 13, 1957 01:44 AM Calcutta, India After my initial immersion into the study of astrology — when learning the basics was a fascinating challenge — I began to explore the multidimensional nature of astrology and metaphysics. It was quite clear that women and men experience and express the energetic qualities symbolized in their charts differently. Being a woman, I chose to delve into the gender-differences from a woman’s point of view. We will write a custom essay sample on A Visit to the Seabeach on Puri or any similar topic only for you Order Now That writing resulted in what you’ll read in this report. I hope you enjoy this view of ‘you’! † – Gloria Star Projection of Your Real Self Sometimes showing the world who you really are is not easy, and sometimes the world may not respond as you had hoped! It’s helpful to take a look at the differences and similarities between the attitudes, impressions and images you project and the person who resides at the core of your being. With your Sun in Scorpio your ego is driven by a need to be almost enigmatic. You’re more comfortable when at least a little mystery surrounds you, and you can exude a strong level of sensual charm. You’re rarely halfway about anything, and your intensity can be daunting to those who are uncomfortable with confrontation. Since your Sun speaks of â€Å"who you think you are,† you may think that you’re more mysterious than you are in actuality! No bother – you’re still a mystery to most, so you’re safe! Your Ascendant is the face you present to the world, and shows how others see you. Your Ascendant, or rising sign, is Virgo. Through this influence, you may be somewhat the perfectionist in your appearance and may be most comfortable when you feel well-groomed. Others may view you as detail-oriented, which has its advantages if you know what you want. You may be extremely aware of your physical body, to the extent that you know when anything is not working properly. You’d better keep a nail file in your pocketbook, since you’ll fiddle with that ragged nail all day if you don’t have a chance to fix it! The energy associated with your Ascendant is Mercury. With Mercury in Sagittarius, you may be rather outspoken and direct in your manner. Your philosophical outlook definitely colors your personality, and you can be a great conversationalist. With your Moon in sextile aspect to your Ascendant you have the capability of becoming well-rounded by integrating your feelings about things with the way they are. You’ve probably learned that if you’re not comfortable with something, you should probably look into it further or avoid it altogether. You may also be quite adept in relationship matters, since you can be aware of the way others are feeling or reacting in addition to staying in touch with your own feelings about what’s going on. The  Goddess  Within Get Your Complete The Goddess Within Reading Now! Self knowledge is power! Learn how to reach inwards and discover your strengths, talents and potential to embrace and express your personal power in the best possible ways A must have reading for women everywhere. Get yours today! Only $24. 95 Or get it FREE Get your Complete Reading and Discover†¦. l l l Your basic strengths, talents and needs as portrayed in your birth chart How you project yourself to the outside world and is it the true you Understanding and getting in touch with your true feminine self Get your Complete Reading and Discover†¦. l l l l l l l Your basic strengths, talents and needs as portrayed in your birth chart How you project yourself to the outside world and is it the true you Understanding and getting in touch with your true feminine self Owning and making the most of you inner masculine self Improving your communications and intuition Your approach to relationships, sex, money and control And much, much more! How to cite A Visit to the Seabeach on Puri, Papers

Organizational Diversity Management †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question - What is the importance of understanding and managing diversity in the workforce in order to improve an organisations performance? Answer - Introduction The meaning of organizational diversity is the different ways in which all the characteristics within a particular work unit vary from each other in terms of their sex, race, age, education, or even the functional background. Although diversity may occur in regards to any of their characteristics the main aim will be on the means of diversity which is related to its stability, their known features and also their demographic concepts. Hence to understand how these characteristics will shape the company its important to study the organizational behavior of that organization. A number organization speaks about the benefits of organizational diversity and they find it difficult to manage diversity in the proper manner.Therefore the advantage of having a diverse workplace helps in making higher quality decisions. The people who work in a more diverse workplace have different perspectives and opinions. These individuals often have more alternative ways and think in a more creative way when making decisions (Pollar et al (1994). The team members think of various solutions to solve these problems in different ways. Hence this study shows that these organizations result in making higher quality decisions. Therefore it is essential to have this kind of a diverse workforce which makes a huge difference on the company and also increases its creativity in decision making. When the demographic force and an increase in the business globalization combine then the management faces many cultural differences which are related to the corporate world. Diversity also gives birth to many approaches and old practices where there were long-standing problems. These changes in organizations often cause trouble for the individuals. Hence the people who have strong opinions regarding certain groups may find these changes in the demographics of the work force challenging because they hold a position that may not be able to maintain the groups that are removed from their work place and are a llowed to compete in order to achieve their positions. A company which has a diversity management workforce will have services that are appreciated by a larger area of customers. Many companies like PepsiCo were able to increase the percentage of minorities in many levels of the company which also included organizational management. These organizations experienced a very big growth and also gained high revenue from the result of the diversity efforts that were made by the products launched. Diffrenet organizations use different management strategies to make sure that it efficiently helps in the functioning of the organization. Hence a management system that removes the differences found in a multicultural workforce often brings a high level of productivity for the organizations as well as the individual. Therefore managing diversity can also be defined as the ongoing process that explores the different capabilities and talents which help in bringing about a diverse community and society that includes a clean atmosphere with no differences and also makes people experience a diverse and full potential environment which has a cultural context where every individual benefits from multiculturalism as the best way of managing diversity. In the initial stage the management followed a method called melting pot approach to differences in the workforce (King, Albert S (1995). It was this approach that would make little difference with the majority group but later was seen that th e employees did not set aside their beliefs, lifestyles and values when they come to work. Hence it is very essential to recognize these values and differences by learning the management practices that relate to different lifestyles and work styles included in the diverse group. Therefore diversity management also helps in creating a culture that supports all the employees who effectively manage the organization. By creating such a atmosphere it is important that the management should support the workplace strongly and its diversity as the companys aim and also include few different techniques in their business strategies. Therefore diversity management also provides an advantage in the flexibility and creativity areas which are the main key to competition of the organization and results in making a flexible and adaptable organization which is benefited by the customers. Hence a heterogeneous group has always helped in reaping better results and solutions that has a higher level of analyzing the strategies in a more critical way. This analysis plays a very important role when the company is facing major changes and self-examination to come up with more effective ways for operating the organization (Sippola, A.et al (2007). This type of effective management of diversity helps in developing a more well reputed company and will also have the ability to bring out the best talent from other organizations that are drowning and this also is timesaving in recruitment and lesser money is used in the turnover costs. The company plays its role of a public sector by showing the diversity of the company and also helps in the increasing demand to provide services to a wide number of customers. Hence these result in the establishment of very few resource managers who have seen the need to adapt these different management practices so that they can overcome the problems of this diversification which results in giving good results in the workplace. These theories aim at increa sing the representation of individuals that come from various cultural backgrounds in the organization (Goffee et al (1997). The main aim of this approach is to change the organizations culture by changing the demographic content of the workforce. The next approach is the sensitivity of diversification where it enables the organization to see the potential difficulties that are gathered by the individuals from various backgrounds and cultures in the workplace. Hence by diverse training these difficulties can be sorted out for the employees who aim at reducing discrimination and help in promoting communication collaboration. The third factor is known as cultural audit in which the difficulties that the employees of diverse backgrounds experience are identified and then the company is modified in its practices accordingly. The audit is performed by consultants that are from other organizations and who get data from surveys and groups and then identify the areas in which employees are from the higher group feel that they are not performing their best in the organization. The last approach aims at gaining the organizational results by focusing on diversity management as a means for attaining these ends. In this strategy the managers identify the link between diversity management objectives and the desired organizational outcomes. Therefore these choices are viewed in the concept of environmental factors such as the changing labor market composition, the global economy, shifting to a service economy, and the pressures of the government and the law. Hence by analyzing these approaches organization determine the specific benefits it expects to gain from its diversity management and how these are connected to its entire strategy in the area of business. Conclusion Therefore it can be concluded that there are many ways for implementing diversity management these emphasis the adapting forces to the workforce which is increasing in its diverse management and to finally gain a competitive advantage (PatrickH. A. (2010). Managing diversity can be divided into three main aspects these include the voluntary nature of the organization, the use of a broad definition of diversity and also at providing benefits to the company. Therefore by applying these diversity management techniques a company has many advantages in many areas such as problem solving, corporate image, and marketing. The challenge of management is to remove the harmful effects that come along with cultural differences as well as economic disadvantages (OzbilginM. et al (2008). Therefore, the main aim on for an organization which applies these management approaches aims at providing a good motivator for companies to reform its programs, but this does not neglect the moral and ethical mis sions in any aspect. Therefore to overcome these limitations, the organization management has to focus on increasing the profits of the company and also in making sure it is socially justified in all the aspects. References Goffee, Rob "Cultural Diversity InThe Complete MBA Companion.Pitman Publishing, 1997 King, Albert S. "Capacity for Empathy: Confronting Discrimination in Managing Multicultural Work Force DiversityBusiness Communication Quarterly.December 1995. OzbilginM.,TatliA.(2008).Global diversity management: An evidence-based approach.London, England:Palgrave PatrickH.A. (2010)Organization culture and its impact on diversity openness in the information technology organizational context Dimensions. Pollar, Odette and Rafael Gonzalez.Dynamic of Diversity: Strategic Programs for your Organization.CrispPublications,1994. Sippola, A. and Smale, A. 2007. The global integration of diversity management: A longitudinal case study. International Journal of Human Resource Management 18:11. The Special Issue of Global Diversity Management.

Critique and Instructional Design Model

Introduction Instruction design model is a systematic goal based mode of instruction delivery. It is systematic since the system follows specific steps to achieve the intended goals. The design involves activities, objectives, presentations, materials, feedback, and guidance. The goal of each and every design is to ensure effective, efficient and quality delivery of instructions to the intended groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critique and Instructional Design Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are numerous instruction design models, consequently, their uses depends on the course needs. Despite their differences, instruction designs goal are to maximize development of learners knowledge. This paper analyses ADDIE instruction design model. The increasing demand of information in all the fields including learning and entertainment has brought with it the need of content. The value of information co ntent has been identified as vital tool in instruction delivery in any setting. The mode of instruction delivery is vital for societal and economic development. As a result, selection of any mode of instruction delivery hence needs to be critically considered to meet the intended function (Elizabeth Donald, 2010). ADDIE Instruction Design Model ADDIE is the most used and common Instruction System Development (ISD). The acronym, stand for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate. The model follows the classic ‘waterfall’. The stage marks the major training and development progression in application of ADDIE. All these stages are the roadmap of instruction delivery. ADDIE application has been successfully achieved SAS online trainings among other fields of trainings. ADDIE Analysis Just like in marketing, ADDIE instruction design follows a systematic analysis to achieve its goals. The first step in the analysis involves creation of goals and objectives. The trainers need to precisely identify goals to be achieved then draw their objectives. This involves understanding the trainee group and what there are expected to achieve. The learners’ development stage needs to be assessed for appropriate selection of teaching materials. Analysis is the first step in quality development and assurance. The assessment of the learners is vital to enable the teacher devise a mode that will make the subject interesting and easy to learn. Analyses also ensure that there is a complete coverage of the training needs without assumptions and neglects. It hence reduces chances of redundancy, inaccuracy and incomplete content coverage (Mehlenbacher, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More ADDIE Instruction Design This is the next stage after the instructor and the student come to agreement over the set learning goals and objectives. It is a projection of a complete course. After completion of this phase, the tutor or trainer presents an instruction paper covering the whole design. The design is description course content rather than the course content itself. It acts as a blue print or a soft where of the content (Gradowski, Snavely, Dempsey, 1998). Instruction design starts by creating instructional strategy; this is a baseline that guides the trainer. It allows the trainer to know what the learner is expected to go through, the course materials that are needed and the how the course will be administered. It involves designing content format, their content and how they will be delivered. The major parts of the design phase are planning of the strategy, course formatting and designing instruction document or manual (Mehlenbacher, 2010). ADDIE Development Development involves putting information gathered during analysis and design phase to actionable task. It aimed at ensuring smooth running of the course. It is during this phase t hat problems created in the first two phases can be identified. Issues like unrealistic targets, missed results and materials inefficiency are identified at this phase. Bodies such as SAS have achieved this phase through, firstly, creating a prototype. The prototypes allow them to have knowledge on the real picture of the course. Prototypes are followed by creation and development of course materials that meets the required goals. Finally, table top reviews and pilot test carried out on the course to check on their ability to meet the desired goals (Mehlenbacher, 2010). EDDIE Implementation and Evaluation Implementation phase is where the trainer put his developed IDDIE into practice. It is the actionable stage where the trainee actually goes through the course. The time span of courses normally varies as per the content required by the trainee. Moat specialists implement their course based on topic and content as set during design. Implementation is followed by evaluation. Evaluati ons are assessment provided by a specialist to check the extent the design has met its target. In case some goals are not met, the whole system is reassessed and corrective measures put into action. Evaluation needs critical thinking as well as specialized with a lot of knowledge on the course (Gradowski, Snavely, Dempsey, 1998). ADDIE Critiques Many scholars have criticized ADDIE instruction design model for being more a virtual machinery than a real functioning tool in the world. Normally, there is a lot of interplay between setting realistic objectives, effectively designed presentations, and developing interactive activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critique and Instructional Design Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result the system is full of forward and backward constant adjustments. The real system is cyclic in nature rather than a linear presentation shown by EDDIE build. Poor mental interpretation has been developed among many specialists to take the system as a linear method rather than a highly integrated cyclic system. The result is that practical application of the system has never been easy (Elizabeth Donald, 2010). EDDIE system gives little metacognitive to the specialists as they tend over rely on the course structure rather complete environmental scan. While IDDIE can be suitable for a given course or individual, it might not be suitable for another person. The system also ignores to create realization that there is variation in learning in different states that some materials of education might not be accepted in other education systems (Magliaro Shambaugh, 2006). EDDIE identifies evaluation as a vital tool and normally presented as a center piece. Consequently, evaluation is drawn as an ongoing and integral component. However, EDDIE only states evaluation but fail to critically define it. It is clearly that when all the phases are completed, the res ult will not be viable without evaluation. Hence, evaluation should not be put as a stage in the block rather but a comprehensive system covering each and every phase. Cognitive Design Model has been identified as most appropriate model countering the procedural system of EDDIE. Finally, critics have been put upon the bias nature of EDDIE model. Specialists have no equal knowledge over the courses, as a result, some might have limited knowledge on how to design and develop the course. On the other hand, a trainer might fail to contact the experts on the course delivery system. Additionally, Managing trainees’ attitude towards the course is not addressed (Gradowski, Snavely, Dempsey, 1998). Conclusion A good course design need to be cognitive oriented over the course itself and the participants. It should have a trainer who fully, understands the material requirements, design system, mode of delivery and how it should be evaluated. While EDDIE is a good instruction model it a lso suffers from several limitations that makes it fail in some cases. References Elizabeth, A., Donald J. (2010). The New Literacies: Multiple Perspectives on Research and Practice. New York: Guilford Press.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gradowski, G., Snavely, L., Dempsey, P. (1998). Designs for active learning: A sourcebook of classroom strategies for information education. Chicago: The Association. Magliaro, S., Shambaugh, N. (2006). Instructional design: A systematic approach for reflective practice. Boston, MA: Pearson, Inc. Mehlenbacher, B. (2010). Instruction and technology: Designs for everyday learning. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. This essay on Critique and Instructional Design Model was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explain Stretegies to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication Essays

Explain Stretegies to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication Essays Explain Stretegies to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication Paper Explain Stretegies to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication Paper Developing effective communication in health and social care| P4: explain the strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. For this question I am going to explain strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. There are many different strategies can be used to overcome barriers of communication in a health and social care settings:   Building relationships and appropriate verbal and non-verbal communication. It is very important to build relationships with people who use services involve skills listening, together with appropriate verbal and non-verbal communication. It also may be important to use friendly, warm non-verbal behaviour that expresses interest in another person such as: * Making effective eye contact(varied and appropriate contact with another person’s eyes * Smiling-looking friendly rather than frozen or cold in expression * Adopting a relaxed and calm body posture * Using an appropriate gentle tone of voice Using hand movements and gestures that show interest * Nodding your head slightly while talking to communicate messages such as â€Å"I see,’ or ‘I understand’, or ‘I agree†. It is important to build an understanding of the needs of people we work with in health and social care. Very often, people will make their preferred method of communication obvious. Sometimes a medical or professional social work assessment may needs in order to clarify the person’s needs and their preferred method of communication. All the skills of recognising and overcoming barriers to communicate will be useful to avoid trigger situation, such as aggression. Reflective listening skills are vital in order to make the other person feel valued. 2. Staff training is possible strategy to overcome some barriers of communications. Communicating effectively with depressed, anxious or aggressive people cannot be developing simply by obtaining information. So, formal training courses usually provide opportunities to practise important skills as well as theories about how to overcome communication barriers. 3. Appropriate environment may help to reduce communication barriers by: Improving the lighting Reduce any nose. Move to a quieter or better room. Organize any seating so that people can see and hear each other Work with smaller groups to see and hear more easily. 4. Assessment of needs and using preferred methods of communication. It is very important to understand the needs of people you work with in health and social care. Very often, people will make their preferred method of communication obvious. So, sometimes a professional social work or medical assessment may be needed in order to clarify the person’s needs and their preferred method of communication. For example, people with visual disability can be use BSL (British Sign Language) and Makaton. The signs given help the person, because it gives them extra visual clues as to what is being said. When using Makaton the words are also said as Makaton is used to support what is being said as appose to its own language. Makaton includes not only signs, but also written symbols which are both used or either one is used depending on a persons particular needs and cultures. British Sign Language differs from Makaton, because with Makaton not all the words are signed, the signs are simpler and the words are spoken. For example, when saying Good morning, you first say Good by showing your thumb (fingers folded into palm), then for morning you touch your chest with your finger tips from left to right. This image is used as a symbol of the curtains opening in the morning. Also, may be used Braille (introduced by 1838 the Frenchman Louis Braille) – a system of imprinting dots on paper standing for letters of the alphabet, numbers and punctuation. With this system blind people can read by running their fingers across the dots, and can write by impressing the raised dots into paper using a frame called Braille slate, or a Braille writer. Other possible strategies are: * Use language to describe things * Assist people to describe things * Explain details that sighted people might take for granted * Check glasses. Other aids and equipment. Another example, people with hearing disability may use hearing aids. They are battery-powered electronic devices with small microphones to pick up and increase the volume of sound received by a person. Also, text phones, relay systems and minicoms may be used for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Other possible strategies are: * Don’t shout. Use normal clear speech and make sure your fase is visible for people who can lip-read * Show pictures or write messages. * Learn to sign (for people who used sign language) * Ask for help from, or employ, a communicator or interpreter for sign languages * Check that hearing aids and equipment are working. For people with physical and intellectual disabilities may be used strategies, such as: * Increase your knowledge of disabilities. * Be calm and patient * Use pictures and signs as well as clear, simple speech * Set up group meeting where people can share speech. Check that people do not become isolated * Use advocates- independent people who can spend time building an understanding of the needs of specific individuals to assist with communication work. 5. Learn Assertive Skills Assertive behaviour is where a care worker is in control of their own actions, it is a balance of an appropriate expression of your own need while understanding the needs and rights of others, therefore not behaving aggressive (anger) or submissive (fear) in a care environment as both emotions will have an effect on others and a possible short or long term affect on you. Being assertive will help to challenge how other people feel about you. Assertive behaviour in a person listens and shows respect to others, tries to solve problems, aiming that no one needs to lose, negotiating (come to an agreement) with others and maintaining a clear, calm voice. An assertive person is able to: * Understand the situation they are in. * Control their personal emotions and remaining calm. * Use the right non-verbal assertive behaviour including varied eye contact, relaxed facial muscles, looking in control, keeping hands and arms by their side. Use the right words and statements in any situation. If a care worker were to act aggressive, this is where they somehow threaten someone, put them down or make them feel inferior to you. This type of behaviour has long and short term affects; the short term affects are that you are releasing some emotions that have been building up or getting some sense of power. Whereas the long term affects may lead to you feeling guilty a nd over apologetic, and you blame others for your behaviour. This will all result in people mistrusting you which will make you feel isolated from others and will contribute in high blood pressure. Being aggressive not only affects you but it also affects others as they may feel hurt, angry or humiliated and therefore retaliate or they may stop being in your company. Some people are aggressive whereas others are indirectly aggressive; this means storing your aggression to be released later or onto someone not related to your aggression. Again this affects you long and short term, short term being that you are able to let off steam onto someone else, you have less anxiety because you are not confronting the cause for your aggression directly, you get what you want and enjoy working behind the scenes. The long term affects is that you could lose control of your aggression, suffer from stress and stop being honest with yourself. Others are also affected as they may feel unfairly criticised by you and come to distrust and distance themselves from you. This is why it is important for care workers to learn assertive skills by watching other professionals and doing the same, as being assertive will help to resolve and problems. Vulnerable people need to be empowered to control their lives, whilst rights and responsibilities also need to be thought through. Assertive behaviour from a member of staff in a care setting will lead to effective communication, as assertive skills. . References Books Portch, T. (1999). Communication and Interpersonal Skills. Great Britain: Hodder and Stoughton

Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

Final Paper - Essay Example This paper main focus will be on the impact fast food has on the people living in Hong Kong. Fast foods have been known to impact negatively on people’s health considering the main method of preparation of these fast foods is by deep-frying in cooking oils. Fast foods are also considered to have many calories, but limited nutrients such as minerals and vitamins. Additionally, most drinks and snacks in fast McDonald restaurants have a high sugar level. Therefore, Hong Kong residents who consume fast food often take in more calories than their body needs. Once the excess calories accumulate in the body there are great chances of a significant number of individuals being obese. Obesity increases the chances of an individual becoming diabetic as well as getting high blood pressure. It is unhealthy for people to eat franchise on a frequent basis. A worrying statistic is that it takes fifty one days for the body to digest fast-food French fries or chicken nuggets (Watson, 21). Despite McDonald’s franchise making efforts to sustain children with threatening diseases, the diet offered by the franchise contributes to heart disease, asthma and obesity.Hong Kong has been putting in measures to ensure its food industry embarks on activities that promote healthy lives among its people. However, McDonald’s has expanded rapidly which in turn had led to many children being hospitalized from poisoning of fast food. The expansion poses questions to Hong Kong’s policy on health foods since McDonald’s foods are known to lead to a number of illnesses (Schlosser, 123). The corporation’s operations are also tends to be dubious considering unlike the normal fresh ground beef patty found at a local Hong Kong butcher shop, a McDonald’s hamburger patty contains beef from more than a thousand different bulls. The bulls are established in as many as five countries and

Meter Dose Inhaler verses Nebulizer Treatment Research Paper

Meter Dose Inhaler verses Nebulizer Treatment - Research Paper Example Patients frequently ask health care providers as to which is a better mode of administration in terms of efficacy, convenience and safety. This triggered me to find evidence to ascertain as to which of the two is a better mode of administration in acute wheezing. Thus, it was both problem focused and knowledge focused trigger that generated the clinical question. Names/Types of research sources used The research source used was PubMed. Summation of the research findings as related to the clinical question Rodrigo and Rodrigo (1998) performed a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to compare the efficacy of salbutamol (or albuterol) delivered by either metered-dose inhaler plus spacer (MDI-spacer) or by nebulization, and to determine the relationships between physiologic responses and plasma salbutamol concentrations. The study revealed that bronchodilatation remained same with metered dose inhalation and nebulization, but side effects were more with nebulization because of higher levels of plasma salbutamol due to increased absorption. Deerajanawong et al (2005) conducted a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an aim to compare the efficacy of salbutamol aerosol therapy given metered dose inhaler and nebulization in young children with acute wheezing. ... From the study, it was evident that metered dose inhalers are as efficacious as nebulization to administer albuterol in young children with wheezing. Infact, the study revealed that metered dose inhalers were more convenient in this regard. Integration of research findings Administration of albuterol can be done either through metered dose inhalers or nebulization in acute wheezing conditions in children. Both methods of administration are equally efficacious. However, nebulization is more time consuming and has risk of side effects. Potential practice changes based on research evidence Metered dose inhaler would be recommended as the preferred of administration of albuterol in children with acute wheezing since it is easier to administer, takes less time in the process, can be given anywhere and has less side effects References Deerojanawong, J., Manuyakorn, W., Prapphal, N., Harnruthakorn, C., Sritippayawan, S., Samransamruajkit, R. (2005). Randomized controlled trial of salbutamol aerosol therapy via metered dose inhaler-spacer vs. jet nebulizer in young children with wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol., 39(5), 466-72. Delgado, A., Chou, K.J., Silver, E.J., Crain, E.F. (2003). Nebulizers vs metered-dose inhalers with spacers for bronchodilator therapy to treat wheezing in children aged 2 to 24 months in a pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med., 157(1), 76-80. Rodrigo, C., and Rodrigo, G. (1998). Salbutamol treatment of acute severe asthma in the ED: MDI versus hand-held nebulizer. Am J Emerg Med., 16(7),

Geographic Study of Mountain Area

Geographic Study of Mountain Area CHAPTER II STUDY AREA PROFILE 2.0 General: The study area (13858.83 ha) is a mountain range between River Pravara and River Mula Basin. The range started from western boarder at Ghatghar village and end eastern border at village Washere in the Akole tahsil, district Ahmendagar of Maharashtra state. The extent of study area is 19 ° 35 06.86 to 19 ° 30 13.08 N latitude and 73 ° 37 00.03 to 74 ° 04 24.65 E longitude. It covers parts of the Survey of India topographic sheet numbers 47 E/ 10, 11, 14, 15 and 47 I/ 2, 3. The depth and water-holding capacity of the soils are varied even if there is slightly change in slopes which is the one of the reason in the variation of forest land. The slope of the area is decreasing from NW to SE respectively and the height varies from 560 m to 1646 meters above mean sea level. Study area is distributed in the Sahyadri mountains (Western ghat) region of the Maharashtra state. Geologically this area formed from basaltic lava. Basalt rock prevent percolation of rainy, reservoir water in to underground zone. Due to rock type the soil cover is very shallow at the top of the mountain and increasing its deepness at foothill zones near water reservoirs. Basic Intrusive (Dykes) mainly found nearby this area. This are the approximate reasons of the shallow soil cover. Very shallow loamy, shallow clayey soil found on the moderate (1 °- 3 °) and stiff (3 °- 6 °) slope. Soil moisture impact on the amount of the vegetation cover with respect to soil type and slope. Therefore, North West and South zone have maximum vegetation cover compare to other land of the study area. It receives annual rainfall about 440.4 mm. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 39.80 C and 8.70 C respectively. Local tribal people engages with the agricultural activities at reclaimed land from forest area. Forestry is the second occupation after agriculture. 2.1 Geology: Study area is a part of Sahyadri Mountain Range (Western Ghat). Also called as Deccan Trap formed by basaltic rocks; amygdaloidal basalts form the bedrock. This area has shallow soil like loam, clayey; again divided in to sub types based on depth and slope classes. Overlying weathered and fractured rocks, resting on hard massive basalt. The basalts are nearly horizontal, separated by thin layers of ancient soil and volcanic ash (red bole). The basalt flows are nearly flat-lying (the sequence has a regional southerly dip of 0.5-1 °) and mainly belong to the Thakurvadi Formation (Fm) of the Kalsubai Subgroup (Khadri et al. 1988; Subbarao and Hooper 1988). The lithology of the area indicating that around 77.17 % area covered by 12-14 compound pahoehoe flows and some Aa flows (max 206m). Around 4.53 % by 2 compound pahoehoe flows (40-50m) and Megacryst compound pahoehoe basaltic flow M3 (50-60m) up to 3.26 %. Remaing 0.89% covered by 5 Aa and 1 compound pahoehoe basaltic lava flows (Max. 160m); 4-5 compound pahoehoe basaltic lava flows (Max. 150m), Basik Sill/Lava channels respectively. The regional stratigraphy of the Deccan basalts has been described by Beane et al. (1989), Khadri et al (1988), and Subbarao and Hooper (1988). Structural indices indicate the part of basic intrusive (dykes) in the part of noer-west and south-east. One fault line cross at the middle part of the study area. 2.2 Relief: Study situated at the middle of the tehsil Akole. It has horizontal shape and act like a natural water divider. Relief turn and fix the surface geographical landforms. The altitude of this area is varies from less than 640 meter (minimum) to 1646 meter (maximum). The formation of soil, natural vegetation cover and soil moisture conditions are totally controlled by the status of the relief. Contour lines demarcate the height of the study area above mean sea level. The Kalasubai (1646m) highest peak of the Maharashtra state located in the Akole tehsil. In the tehsil second highest peak Harishchandragarh (1422m) located in the south-west part of the study area. Relief decreasing toward to the Washere village of this mountain range. Drainage network flow depends on relief is explained in next point. 2.3 Slope: Slope of the study area calculated in degree (0 ° to 90 °) on the basis of contours. This slope of the area divided in to 7 classes. Gentle slope has up to 1 ° slope where water reserve and collected in dam. Soil depth, cover and types also depends on the nature of slope. Hill top and cliff sides has precipitous to very steep slope (12 ° to 90 °). At foothill slope moderate to steep (1 ° to 12 °) zone has maximum forest cover in north-west and south-west direction. Eroded material on the top hill concentrating on the foothill slopes and favourable for soil formation. That is why the in this area soil moisture, soil depth and vegetation cover found more than other zone. Soil types and different characteristics has been elaborated in the next point. 2.4 Drainage: Network of drainage is developing continually and it’s responsible for the different landform creation. Relief controlled the drainage flow and streams erode land surface in to different geographical landform features. Relief and streams has strong correlation. Study area has an origin point of the main river Pravara. River flows from north-west to north-east direction. This river has main and minor dam. Bhandardara is main dam situated on river Pravara, which is an important land-cover feature in study area. At the time of robust forest change analysis this water body play an important role. Soil moisture depend on drainage network and water reservoirs after rainy season. It made difference in the type of vegetation cover from dense forest to open scrub land. Drainage pattern related to slope and slope related to forest growth has been explained in detailed in the next point. 2.5 Soil: The growth and reproduction of forest cannot be understood without the knowledge of soil. The soil and vegetation have a complex interrelation because they develop together over a long period of time. The vegetation influences the chemical properties of soil to a great extent. The selective absorption of nutrient elements by different tree species and their capacity to return them to the soil brings about changes in soil properties (Singh et al. 1986). Soil element is one of the most important biophysical matter. Concentration of elements in the soils is a good indicator of their availability to plants. Their presence in soil would give good information towards the knowledge of nutrient cycling and bio-chemical cycle in the soil–plant ecosystem (Pandit and Thampan 1988). Generation of soil is depend on geology, topography, time span, climatic conditions, organic and inorganic factors, etc. Forests in general have a greater influence on soil conditions than most other plant eco system types, due to a well-developed ‘‘O’’ horizon, moderating temperature, and humidity at the soil surface, input of litter with high lignin content, high total net primary production, and high water and nutrient demand (Binkley and Giardina 1998). Study area is a hilly zone, soil is very shallow at the top-hills while excessively drained loamy soil (a rich soil consisting of a mixture of sand and clay and decaying organic materials) found at steep slopes north-west direction. Shallow well drained clayey soil and slightly deep excessively drained loamy soil found over moderate to gentle slope respectively. Clay soils, are made up of very fine, microscopic particles. These tiny particles fit together tightly, resulting in tiny pore spaces between them. The tiny pore spaces allow water to move through them, but at a much slower pace than in sandy soils. Clay soils drain quite slowly and hold more water than sandy soils. Loams soil capacity of maximum water holding (MWHC) approximately 0.18 inches of water per inch of soil depth, and clays hold up to 0.17 inches of water per inch of soil depth. However, soil types, soil elements, soil depth depends on the geology of the study area, explained in next point. 2.6Population and economic activities: Humans being living surrounding this area most are the tribal population. Primary economical activities including shifting cultivation, fishery, 2.7Spectral properties of plants in the forest: (1st ch) Interaction of radiation with plant leaves is extremely complex. General features of this interaction have been studied but many spectral features are yet unexplained. Gates et al., (1965) are considered pioneers, who have studied spectral characteristics of leaf reflection, transmission and absorption. Optical properties of plants have been further studied to understand the mechanisms involved by Gausman and Allen (1973), Wooley (1971) and Allen et al., (1970). It is the synthesis of the parameters like reflection of plant parts, reflection of plant canopies, nature and state of plant canopies and Structure and texture of plant canopies, which will be required to fully understand the remote sensing data collected from space borne and aerial platforms. They have been attempted for crop canopies through the development of models but not yet fully achieved. It will be initially required to discuss the electromagnetic spectrum and its interaction with vegetation canopies. Subsequent factors affecting the spectral reflectance of plant canopies with its possible applications in remote sensing technology would be discussed. The vegetation reflectance is influenced by the reflectance characteristics of individual plant organs, canopy organization and type, growth stage of plants, structure and texture of the canopies. The synthesis of the above four aspects provides true reflectance characteristic. However, various authors without fully achieving models to determine vegetation reflectance characteristics have studied effect of individual parameters. 2.6.1 Nature of the Plant: Numerous measurements have been performed to evaluate the spectral response of various categories of plants with a spectrophotometer (Fig. ***). For a plant in its normal state i.e., typical and healthy the spectral reflectance is specific of the group, the species and even of the variety at a given stage in its phenological evolution. The general aspects of spectral reflectance of healthy plant in the range from 0.4 to 2.6  µm is shown in figure ****. The very abrupt increase in reflectance near 0.7  µm and the fairly abrupt decrease near 1.5  µm are present for all mature, healthy green leaves. Very high; further in the far infrared >3.0  µm. Thus, the typical spectral curve of plant is divided into three prominent zones correlated with morphological characteristics of the leaves (Gates, 1971). 2.6.2 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Pigment Absorption Zone: The important pigments, viz. chlorophyll, xanthophylls and carotenoids absorb energy strongly in ultraviolet blue and red regions of the EMR. The reflectance and transmittance are weak. The absorbed energy of this part of this spectrum is utilized for the photosynthetic activity (Allen et al. 1970). 2.6.3 Multidioptric Reflectance Zone: In this zone, the reflectance is high, while the absorbptance remains weak. All the unabsorbed energy (30 to 70% according to the type of plant) is transmitted. They reflectance is essentially due to the internal structure of the leaf and the radiation is able to penetrate. The reflectance from internal structure is of physical more than chemical nature. Apart front the contribution of the waxy cuticle, the magnitude of the reflectance depends primarily upon the amount of spongy mesophyll. 2.6.4 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Hydric Zone: Amount of water inside the leaf affect the pattern of spectral reflectance with water specific absorption bands at 1.45  µm, 1.95  µm and 2.6  µm. Liquid water in a leaf causes strong absorption throughout middle infrared region. Beyond 2.5  µm the reflectance becomes less than 5% due to atmospheric absorption and beyond 3  µm the vegetation starts acting as quasi blackbody (Gates et al., 1965). There are numerous factors either internal of the plant or external coming from the environmental conditions have an influence on the specific spectral reflectance. The above descriptions are true only for a normal, mature and healthy vegetation. The factors which affect the spectral reflectance of leaves are leaf structure, maturity, pigmentation, sun exposition, phyllotaxis, pubescene, turgidity (water content) nutritional status and, disease etc. Important factors are pigmentation, nutritional status, anatomy of leaves and water content. While, sun exposition and phyllotaxy affects the canopy reflectance, phenological state and disease are linked to the primary factors affecting the spectral reflectance (Wooley, 1971). 2.7Spectral vegetation indices: Radiant energy intercepted by a vegetative canopy is primarily scattered by leaves either away from the leaf surface or to the leaf interior. The scattered radiation is reflected, transmitted or absorbed by leaves. The partitioning of radiation a reflected, transmitted or absorbed energy depends on a number of factor including leaf cellular structures (Gates et al. 1965; Kfipling, 1970; Woolley, 1971), leaf pubescence and roughness (Gausman, 1977), leaf morphology and physiology (Gausman et al., 1969 a, b; Gausman and Allen, 1973; Gausman et al., 1971) and leaf surface characteristics (Breece and Hommes, 1971; Grant, 1985). Leaves are not perfectly diffuse reflectors but have diffuse and specular characteristics. Leaf transmittance tends to have a non Lambertian distribution, while leaf reflectance is dependent on illumination and view angles. Knowledge of soils radiation interaction with individual leaves is necessary for several reasons like special to interpret and process remotely sensed data. Typical reflectance and transmittance spectrum of a individual plant leaf indicate three distinct wavelength regions in interaction: visible (0.4-0.7  µm), near infrared (NIR) (0.7-1.35  µm) and mid infrared (mid IR) (1.35-2.7  µm). Thus the typical spectral curve of plant is divided into three prominent zones correlated with morphological/anatomical/physiological characteristics of the leaves and these are Pigment Absorption Zone, Multi-Dioptric Reflectance Zone and Hydric Zone, etc. The analysis of all remotely sensed data involves models of many processes wherein the EM radiation is transformed (the scene, atmosphere and sensor) and whereby inference is made about the scene from the image data. The most common strategy for relating remote sensing data to vegetation canopies has been via the correlation of vegetation indices with vegetation structure and functional variables. This simple empirical approach has yielded substantial understanding of the structure and dynamics of vegetation at all scales. These indices are capable of handling variation introduced in a scene due to atmosphere or sensor and vegetation background influence in low vegetation cover areas. The capacity to assess and monitor the structure of terrestrial vegetation using spectral properties recorded by remote sensing is important because structure can be related to functioning, that is to ecosystem processes that are ultimately aggregated up to the functioning of the local-regional-global level of ecosystem. The categorization of the various spectral indices in to approximately five types. Such as Ratio Indices, Vegetation Indices, Orthogonal based Indices, Perpendicular Vegetation Indices and Tasseled Cap Transformation, etc. Remote sensing of cropland, forest and grassland involves the measurement of reflected energy of component in the presence of each other. The development and usefulness of vegetation indices are dependent upon the degree to which the spectral contribution of non-vegetation component can be isolated from the measured canopy response. Although vegetation indices have been widely recognized a valuable tools in the measurement and interpretation of ‘vegetation condition’ several limitation have also been identified. They are related to soil brightness effect and secondary soil spectral deviations. The use of site specific soil lines reduces soil background influence. In this context SAVI, GRABS and PVI holds greater promise in low vegetated areas. The vegetation indices are simplified method to extract information about vegetation parameter from multispectral data however, their use in spectral modeling needs to be studied in context of spectral dynamics of earth surface components. 2.8Resume`: Forest cover is an important natural resource for the environment and socio-eco on the surface of the earth. It can bridge the gap between nature and human beings conflicts. Changes in the forest land increase the imbalance in the ecosystem, climatic conditions, temperature, land degradation, drought prone zones, soil erosion, depending manmade activities, etc. The living tribes in the mountain hill as well as foot hill area utilized forest material for their domestic usages. Therefore, the objectives of detection and delineation of the forest land by using ordinary classification methods have been outlined in the present study. The methodology has been outlined in this chapter. The Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ dataset has been suggested as a source of information to achieve the objectives of the study. The basic knowledge regarding spectral properties of the forest and physiographic elements as well as spectral vegetation indices area has been proposed for the second chapter to m ake information base study for image analysis, classification and interpretation in the next chapters. *********